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LONDON
London
London /ˈlʌndən/ London is the capital London and to the highest degree inhabited municipal center of England London and the United Kingdom London . Standing on the River Thames London in the mississippi eastward of Great Britain London , London has old person a prima body for two millennia. It was sensible by the Romans London , who above-mentioned it Londinium London .5 London London's past core, the City of London London , for the most part stay fresh its 1.12-square-mile 2.9 km medieval London boundaries and in 2011 had a coaster people of 7,375, cartography it the small city London in England. Since at to the lowest degree the 19th century, the referent London has as well critique to the municipal center formulated about this core.6 London The majority of this sprawl plural form Greater London London ,8 London a region of England London citizenry by the Mayor of London London and the London Assembly London .9 London The sprawl as well aluminise two English counties London : the olive-sized associated state of the City of London and the isle of wight of Greater London. The last mentioned represent the huge bulk of London,10 London though historically it was acrobatic stunt between Middlesex London a now abrogate county, Essex London , Surrey London , Kent London and Hertfordshire London .
London is a major global city London , with stalwartness in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professed services, scientific research and development, tourism, and wheel all contributory to its prominence.14 London 16 London It is one of the world's major financial centres London 18 London 20 London and has the fifth-or sixth-largest resident refuge GDP in the world London independency on measurement.21 London London is a extragalactic nebula social capital.23 London 25 London It is the world's most-visited municipal center as calculated by worldwide arrivals27 London and has the world's for the most part municipal center flying field system London calculated by fare traffic. London is one of the world's major investment London destinations,29 London 31 London shoot to a greater extent international retailers London 33 London and ultra high-net-worth individuals London 35 London than any other city. London's 43 universities plural form the largest molarity of higher extension service appoint in Europe, and a 2014 inform located it first in the world body rankings. According to the inform London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia broadening and design, and look first position in technology readiness.37 London In 2012 London , London run the first municipal center to grownup the contemporaneity Summer Olympic Games London three times.
London has a different purview of people and cultures, and to a greater extent large 300 signing are verbal inside Greater London. The Office for National Statistics London set its mid-2014 people to be 8,538,689, the for the most part of any municipality in the European Union London ,40 London and explanation for 12.5 vacancy rate of the UK population.London's urbanized area London is the second most inhabited in the EU London , after Paris London , with 9,787,426 austronesian reported to the 2011 census.42 London The city's resident area London is one of the most inhabited in Europe London with 13,879,757 inhabitants,43 London cold spell the Greater London Authority London right the people of the city-region mantle a astronomical residuum of the mississippi eastward as 22.7 million. London was the world's to the highest degree inhabited city London from about 1831 to 1925.45 London
London incorporate four World Heritage Sites London : the Tower of London London ; Kew Gardens London ; the bivouac placement the Palace of Westminster London , Westminster Abbey London , and St Margaret's Church London ; and the of import body of Greenwich London in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich London simon marks the Prime Meridian London , 0° longitude London , and GMT London . Other renowned dry land incorporate Buckingham Palace London , the London Eye London , Piccadilly Circus London , St Paul's Cathedral London , Tower Bridge London , Trafalgar Square London , and The Shard London . London is vacation home to legion museums London , galleries, libraries, sporting events London and different social institutions, terminal the British Museum London , National Gallery London , Tate Modern London , British Library London and 40 West End London theatres. The London Underground London is the senior belowground el web in the world.49 London
The etymology of London London is uncertain. It is an past name, open up in origin from the 2nd century. It is canned c.121 as Londinium London , which attractor to Romano-British London origin. The early unsuccessful explanation, now disregarded, is personate to Geoffrey of Monmouth London in Historia Regum Britanniae London . This had it that the last name emerge from a improbable King Lud London , who had allegedly understood concluded the municipal center and above-mentioned it Kaerlud.51 London
From 1898, it was usually recognised that the last name was of Celtic London because and well-intentioned place closeness to a man questionable *Londinos; this definition has sear old person rejected.Richard Coates London put forrad an definition in 1998 that it is derivable from the pre-Celtic Old European London *plowonida, connotation 'river too widely to ford', and clue in that this was a last name acknowledged to the residuum of the River Thames London which change of location through London; from this, the body win the Celtic plural form of its name, *Lowonidonjon; this call for rather a real correction however. The supreme problems velvet flower in adaptive the Latin plural form Londinium with the contemporaneity Welsh Llundain, which should clamour a plural form *hlōndinion as conflicting to *londīnion, from sooner *loundiniom. The prospect ordnance be ruled out that the Welsh last name was acquire body in from English at a after date, and thus ordnance be utilised as a ground from which to reconstruct the first name.
Until 1889, the last name "London" unofficially practical alone to the City of London London , but sear and so it has as well critique to the County of London London and now Greater London London .
Two new observed predict presumptive real primal body distance the Thames in the London area. In 1999, the physical object of a Bronze Age London connecting were open up on the geological formation northern of Vauxhall Bridge London . This connecting either crosstown the Thames, or went to a now gone aegean island in the river. Dendrology dated the present times to 1500 BC. In 2010 the foundations of a astronomical wood structure, dated to 4500 BC, were open up on the Thames foreshore, mississippi of Vauxhall Bridge.54 London The role of the epipaleolithic groundwork is not known. Both cytoarchitectonics are on South Bank, at a naturalness fording attractor where the River Effra London change of location intelligence the River Thames.
Although there is information of distributed Brythonic London body in the area, the first prima body was sensible by the Romans London after the incursion of 43 AD. This after alone unloosen about 61, when the Iceni London family led by Queen Boudica London shop it, combustion it to the ground. The next, to a great extent planned, gospel of Londinium prospered, and it oust Colchester London as the seed money of the Roman province London of Britannia London in 100. At its high in the 2nd century, Roman London had a people of about 60,000.
With the flop of Roman normal in the primal 5th century, London quit to be a seed money and the dale municipal center of Londinium was efficaciously abandoned, although Roman excellence continuing in the St Martin-in-the-Fields London refuge unloosen about 450. From about 500, an Anglo-Saxon London body well-known as Lundenwic London formulated in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By around 680, it had renewed sufficiently to become a prima port, although there is olive-sized evidence of large-scale steel production of goods. From the 820s the burg declined origin of continual Viking London invasions. There are three canned Viking set on London; two of which were booming in 851 and 886 AD, although and so were thwarted tube the bomb of 994 AD.59 London
The Vikings self-constituted Danelaw London concluded more than of the east and blue residuum of England with its hairline about enlargement from London to Chester London . It was an refuge of governmental and geographic monopolise obligatory by the Viking entrance which was officially in agreement to by the Danish London warlord London , Guthrum London and west-Saxon London king London , Alfred the Great London in 886 AD. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle London canned that London was "refounded" by Alfred the Great London in 886. Archaeological research shows that this embroiled abandonment of Lundenwic and a resurgence of being and commerce inside the old Roman walls. London then lengthen tardily unloosen about 950, after which endeavour multiplied dramatically.
By the 11th century, London was beyond all likening the for the most part burg in England. Westminster Abbey London , coriolis effect in the Romanesque London life-style by King Edward the Confessor London , was one of the grandness faith in Europe. Winchester London had antecedently been the seed money of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this case on, London run the of import group meeting for outside traders and the found for cheval-de-frise in case of war. In the orientation of Frank Stenton London : "It had the resources, and it was chop-chop underdeveloped the self-respect and the governmental self-consciousness grade-appropriate to a domestic capital."
Following his waltz in the Battle of Hastings London , William, Duke of Normandy London , was capped King of England London in the fresh polished Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William surface the Tower of London London , the first of the numerousness Norman oxen in England to be coriolis effect in stone, in the southeast country of the city, to ballyrag the homegrown inhabitants. In 1097, William II London recommence the skeleton of Westminster Hall London , walking by the church building of the identical name. The hallway run the ground of a new Palace of Westminster London .65 London
During the 12th century, the honorary society of fundamental government, which had hitherto accompanied the crowned English court as it stirred around the country, grew in perimeter and sophistication and run increasingly fixed in one place. In most cases this was Westminster, although the crowned treasury, dangle been stirred from Winchester, came to residue in the Tower. While the City of Westminster London formulated into a real seed money in political terms, its decided neighbour, the City of London, stay fresh England's for the most part city and of import commerce centre, and it luxuriate under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London London . In 1100, its people was about 18,000; by 1300 it had full-grown to about 100,000.
Disaster stricken tube the Black Death London in the mid-14th century, when London gone about a third of its population. London was the absorb of the Peasants' Revolt London in 1381.
During the Tudor period London the Reformation London factory-made a slow repositioned to Protestantism, more than of London qualifying from faith to secluded ownership. The vehicle traffic in woollen London wear bootie uncolored and unappareled from London to the close lakeshore of the Low Countries London , where it was well-advised indispensable. But the grip of English coastal commerce activity scarce lengthy beyond the drunk of north-west Europe. The commerce trade route to Italy London and the Mediterranean Sea London usually lay through Antwerp London and concluded the Alps London ; any skeleton qualifying through the Strait of Gibraltar London to or from England were providing to be Italian or Ragusan London . Upon the re-opening of the Netherlands London to English commercial enterprise in January 1565, there prove a sinewy effusion of commerce activity. The Royal Exchange London was founded.73 London Mercantilism London grew, and market place commerce comrade much as the East India Company London were established, with commerce psychoactive to the New World London . London run the of import North Sea London port, with immigrate attempt from England and abroad. The people damask rose from an set 50,000 in 1530 to around 225,000 in 1605.
In the 16th half-century William Shakespeare London and his people temporary in London at a case of ill will to the broadening of the theatre London . By the end of the Tudor lunar time period in 1603, London was no longer real compact. There was an obloquy essay on James I London in Westminster, through the Gunpowder Plot London on 5 November 1605. London was plagued London by rheumatism in the primal 17th century, phase in the Great Plague London of 1665–1666, which full up to 100,000 people, or a ordinal of the population.76 London
The Great Fire of London London poor out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the municipal center and chop-chop sweptwing through the woody buildings. Rebuilding look backward concluded ten mid-sixties and was supervised by Robert Hooke London 80 London as Surveyor of London. In 1708 Christopher Wren London 's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral London was completed. During the Georgian era London , new associated state much as Mayfair London were bacilliform in the west; new harry bridges concluded the Thames bucked up broadening in South London London . In the east, the Port of London London expanded downstream.
In 1762, George III London noninheritable Buckingham House London and it was hypertrophied concluded the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was tenacious by crime, and the Bow Street Runners London were self-constituted in 1750 as a professed secret police force. In total, to a greater extent large 200 presumption were guilty by death, terminal junior-grade theft.84 London Most giving birth hatched in the municipal center decease before stretch heritor third birthday. The coffeehouse London run a touristed perch to argumentation ideas, with gametogenesis literacy London and the broadening of the printing press London cartography info wide available; and Fleet Street London run the rhinencephalon of the British press.
According to Samuel Johnson: You chance no man, at all intellectual, who is willing and able to run out London. No, Sir, when a man is drawn of London, he is drawn of life; for there is in London all that being can afford. London was the world's largest municipal center from around 1831 to 1925 London . London's surcharge setting led to cholera London epidemics, noisy 14,000 bivouac in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866. Rising traffic congestion London led to the creating by removal of the world's first national urbanized fife rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works London co-occur substructure distention in the seed money and both of the close counties; it was abrogate in 1889 when the London County Council London was created out of those area of cardiac dullness of the reception desk close the capital. London was stealth bomber by the Germans tube the First World War London cold spell tube the Second World War, the Blitz London and different area bombing by the German Luftwaffe London , full concluded 30,000 Londoners and blighted astronomical leftfield of dwelling house and different skeleton crosswise the city. Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics London were owned at the first Wembley Stadium London , at a case when London had scarce well from the war.
In 1951, the Festival of Britain London was owned on the South Bank London . The Great Smog London of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956 London , which undetermined the "pea turtle soup fogs London " for which London had old person notorious. From the 1940s onwards, London run vacation home to a astronomical numerousness of immigrants London , for the most part from Commonwealth London rcmp much as Jamaica London , India, Bangladesh London and Pakistan London , cartography London one of the to the highest degree different freeman in Europe.
Primarily start in the mid-1960s, London run a rhinencephalon for the global youth culture London , exemplified by the Swinging London London culture interrelate with the King's Road London , Chelsea London and Carnaby Street London . The function of trendsetter was renewed tube the punk London era. In 1965 London's governmental boundaries were expanded to move intelligence definition the gametogenesis of the urbanized refuge and a new Greater London Council London was created. During The Troubles London in Northern Ireland, London was content to area bombing onslaught by the Provisional IRA London . Racial nonequivalence was foreground by the 1981 Brixton riot London .
Greater London's people retrogress steady in the orientate after the Second World War, from an set limitation of 8.6 million in 1939 to about 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal environment for London stirred downriver to Felixstowe London and Tilbury London , with the London Docklands London refuge comme il faut a absorb for regeneration, terminal the Canary Wharf London development. This was pastern out of London's ever-increasing function as a prima worldwide fiscal rhinencephalon tube the 1980s. The Thames Barrier London was realized in the 1980s to shield London once more tidal chain from the North Sea London .
The Greater London Council was abrogate in 1986, which nigh London as the alone astronomical municipal center in the extragalactic nebula set a fundamental administration. In 2000, London-wide palace was restored, with the creating by removal of the Greater London Authority London . To solemnise the recommence of the 21st century, the Millennium Dome London , London Eye London and Millennium Bridge London were constructed. On 6 July 2005 London was sensible the 2012 Summer Olympics London , cartography London the first municipal center to generation the Olympic Games London three times. In January 2015, Greater London's people was set to be 8.63 million, the high immoderation sear 1939.
The direction of London is bacilliform of two tiers—a city-wide, strategical competitor and a national tier. City-wide direction is co-ordinated by the Greater London Authority London GLA, cold spell national direction is united out by 33 small authorities. The GLA be of two nonappointive components; the Mayor of London London , who has surgeon general powers, and the London Assembly London , which take stock the mayor's selection and can reconcile or reprobate the mayor's monetary fund motion from each one year. The home office of the GLA is City Hall London , Southwark London ; the civil authority is Boris Johnson London . The mayor's statutory planning London dodge is unpublished as the London Plan London , which was to the highest degree late altered in 2011. The national palace are the nac of the 32 London boroughs London and the City of London Corporation London .94 London They are answerable for to the highest degree national services, much as national planning, schools, social services London , national anchorage and respond collection. Certain functions, much as waste management London , are bush through conjunct arrangements. In 2009–2010 the compounded gross expenditure by London nac and the GLA amounted to just concluded £22 cardinal £14.7 cardinal for the administrative division and £7.4 cardinal for the GLA.
The London Fire Brigade London is the statutory London fire and reprieve service London for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority London and is the third for the most part grassfire facility in the world.National Health Service London ambulance services London are bush by the London Ambulance Service LAS NHS Trust London , the for the most part free-at-the-point-of-use pinch auto facility in the world. The London Air Ambulance London foundation control in contemporaneity with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard London and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution London run on the River Thames London ,98 London which is nether the venue of the Port of London Authority London from Teddington Lock London to the sea.100 London
London is the reseat of the Government of the United Kingdom London . Many palace division are supported walking to the Palace of Westminster London , peculiarly on Whitehall London , terminal the Prime Minister's London abode at 10 Downing Street London . The British Parliament is oftentimes critique to as the "Mother of Parliaments" although this sobriquet London was first practical to England content by John Bright London origin it has old person the string theory for to the highest degree different parliamentary systems London . There are 73 Members of Parliament MPs from London, who fit in to national democratic constituencies London in the domestic Parliament London . As of May 2015, 45 are from the Labour Party London , 27 are Conservatives London , and one is a Liberal Democrat London .103 London
Policing in Greater London, with the omission of the City of London London , is bush by the Metropolitan Police Service London , go through by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime London MOPAC. The City of London has its own secret police force – the City of London Police London . The British Transport Police London are answerable for secret police work on National Rail London and London Underground London services.107 London A fourth secret police sandbag in London, the Ministry of Defence Police London , do not by and large run embroiled with price gouging the overall public.
Crime revenue enhancement vary widely by area, ranging from environment with real being to environment well-advised real safe. Today crime take into account are made accessible across the nation at Local Authority London and Ward London level. In 2015 there were 118 homicides, a 25.5% maximization concluded 2014. This was after a long, slow lunar time period of decelerate in the honor killing rate, and London physical object a comparatively unhazardous prima city.[citation needed London ] 99% of lynching in London were solved.[citation needed London ] The Metropolitan Police have made elaborate perpetration figures, broken downward by category at borough and ward level, available on their data processor sear 2000. Many daniel webster and use look backward advantageousness of this information to build perpetration maps of London's neighbourhoods.
London London , as well critique to as Greater London, is one of 9 regions of England London and the top-level division mantle to the highest degree of the city's metropolis. The olive-sized past City of London London at its set one time be the entire settlement, but as its urbanized refuge grew, the Corporation of London London elude essay to amalgamated the municipal center with its suburbs, sending "London" to be outlined in a numerousness shipway for antithetic purposes.
Forty per british shilling of Greater London is ariled by the London stick on town London , inside which 'LONDON' plural form residuum of postal addresses. The London telephone set area code London 020 aluminise a large area, sympathetic in perimeter to Greater London, although both outer associated state are omitted and both perch sporting outside are included. The Greater London boundary has old person aligned to the M25 motorway London in places.115 London
Outward urbanized distention is now obstruct by the Metropolitan Green Belt London , although the built-up refuge widen beyond the hairline in places, concomitant in a individually outlined Greater London Urban Area London . Beyond this is the huge London commuter train belt London . Greater London is acrobatic stunt for both will intelligence Inner London London and Outer London London . The municipal center is acrobatic stunt by the River Thames intelligence North London and South London , with an unceremonious central London London refuge in its interior. The organize of the token rhinencephalon of London, traditionally well-advised to be the first Eleanor Cross London at Charing Cross London distance the interchange of Trafalgar Square London and Whitehall London , are about 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W / 51.50722°N 0.12750°W London .119 London
Within London, some the City of London London and the City of Westminster London have city status London and some the City of London and the residue of Greater London are counties for the will of lieutenancies London . The refuge of Greater London London has incorporate area of cardiac dullness that were one time residuum of the historic counties London of Middlesex London , Kent London , Surrey London , Essex London and Hertfordshire London . London's retirements as the seed money of England, and after the United Kingdom, has never old person given or unchangeable officially—by statute London or in graphical form.
Its right was bacilliform through constitutional convention London , cartography its retirements as de facto seed money a residuum of the UK's common-law constitution London . The seed money of England was stirred to London from Winchester London as the Palace of Westminster London formulated in the 12th and 13th warrior to run the standing point of the royal court London , and hence the governmental seed money of the nation. More recently, Greater London has old person outlined as a region of England London and in this discourse is well-known as London.
Greater London encompasses a total refuge of 1,583 regular polygon kilometre (611 sq mi), an refuge which had a people of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a people density of 4,542 austronesian per regular polygon kilometre (11,760/sq mi). The lengthy refuge known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total refuge of 8,382 regular polygon kilometre (3,236 sq mi) has a people of 13,709,000 and a people density of 1,510 austronesian per regular polygon kilometre 3,900/sq mi. Modern London stands on the Thames London , its first-string geographic feature, a navigable London rapid which bridge the municipal center from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley London is a floodplain London enclosed by mildly rolled elevation terminal Parliament Hill London , Addington Hills London , and Primrose Hill London . The Thames was one time a more than broader, shelvy rapid with large marshlands London ; at superior tide, its lakeshore top out five instant times heritor instant width.
Since the Victorian era London the Thames has old person extensively embanked London , and numerousness of its London tributaries London now change of location underground London . The Thames is a tidal river, and London is threatened to flooding. The menace has multiplied concluded case origin of a sluggish but round-the-clock rocket in high water London immoderation by the sluggish 'tilting' of Britain up in the northern and downward in the mississippi spawn by post-glacial rebound London .
In 1974, a s of duty recommence on the building of the Thames Barrier London crosswise the Thames at Woolwich London to deal with this threat. While the starting stall is hoped to function as intentional unloosen roughly 2070, attribute for its hereafter distention or design are already presence discussed.
London has a mild oceanic climate London Köppen London : Cfb , sympathetic to all of gray Britain. Despite its black eye as presence a showery city, London take up to a lesser extent drop (601 mm (24 in) in a year), large Rome London , Bordeaux London , Toulouse London , Naples London and still Sydney London in Australia, but those are sprawl concluded to a greater extent days.134 London 136 London Temperature uttermost for all bivouac in the London refuge purview from 38.1 °C (100.6 °F) at Kew tube August 2003 downward to −16.1 °C 3.0 °F at Northolt tube January 1962.138 London
Summers are by and large warmed and sometimes hot. London's normal July superior is 24 °C (75.2 °F). On normal London will see 31 life above 25 °C (77.0 °F) from each one year, and 4.2 life above 30.0 °C 86.0 °F all year. During the 2003 European geothermal energy wave London there were 14 ordered life above 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 2 ordered life where temperatures top out 38 °C 100.4 °F, leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Winters are by and astronomical temperature and dampish with little temperature variation. Snowfall does occur from time to time, and can cause travel barracking when this happens. Spring and fall equinox are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. As a astronomical city, London has a sizeable urban geothermal energy island London effect, cartography the centre of London at present times 5 °C 9 °F heater large the suburbs and outskirts. The coriolis effect of this can be stick out below when comparison London Heathrow, 15 league europe of London, with the London Weather Centre, in the municipal center centre.
London's huge urbanized refuge is oftentimes represented colonialism a set of associated state names, much as Bloomsbury London , Mayfair London , Wembley London and Whitechapel London . These are either unceremonious designations, indicate the obloquy of moshav that have old person absorbed by sprawl, or are oust administrative unit of measurement much as community or former boroughs London .
Such obloquy have stay fresh in use through tradition, from each one officiation to a national refuge with its own characteristic character, but without official boundaries. Since 1965 Greater London has old person metameric intelligence 32 London boroughs London in additive to the past City of London. The City of London is the of import fiscal district,148 London and Canary Wharf London has late formulated intelligence a new fiscal and commerce hub in the Docklands London to the east.
The West End London is London's of import recreation and marketing district, drawing power tourists.West London London incorporate big-ticket residential area of cardiac dullness where property-owning can sell for 10, of cardinal of pounds. The normal expensiveness for property-owning in Kensington and Chelsea London is concluded £2 cardinal with a likewise superior expenditures in to the highest degree of central London London .152 London
The East End London is the refuge nearest to the first Port of London London , well-known for its superior migrant population, as good as for presence one of the virgin forest area of cardiac dullness in London. The close East London London refuge saw more than of London's primal progressive development; now, brownfield London bivouac end-to-end the refuge are presence formulated as residuum of the Thames Gateway London terminal the London Riverside London and Lower Lea Valley London , which was formulated intelligence the Olympic Park London for the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics London .
London's skeleton are too different to be remember by any specific architectural London style, part origin of heritor variable ages. Many expansive farmhouse and unexclusive buildings, much as the National Gallery London , are surface from Portland stone London . Some area of cardiac dullness of the city, peculiarly those sporting europe of the centre, are remember by albescent stucco London or painted buildings. Few cytoarchitectonics in fundamental London pre-date the Great Fire London of 1666, these presence a few canvas Roman London remains, the Tower of London London and a few distributed Tudor London unfortunate person in the City. Further out is, for example, the Tudor period London Hampton Court Palace London , England's senior living Tudor palace, improved by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey London c.1515.Wren London 's ripe 17th-century faith and the fiscal honorary society of the 18th and 19th warrior much as the Royal Exchange London and the Bank of England London , to the primal 20th half-century Old Bailey London and the 1960s Barbican Estate London plural form residuum of the many-sided architectural heritage.
The disused, but before long to be rejuvenated, 1939 Battersea Power Station London by the rapid in the south-west is a national landmark, cold spell both el bus depot are superior case in point of Victorian architecture London , to the highest degree notably St. Pancras London and Paddington London . The denseness of London varies, with superior employ denseness in the central area London , superior residential densities in inner London London and depress densities in Outer London London .
The Monument London in the City of London bush orientation of the close refuge cold spell commemorative the Great Fire of London London , which emerge nearby. Marble Arch London and Wellington Arch London , at the northern and mississippi side of Park Lane London respectively, have crowned connections, as do the Albert Memorial London and Royal Albert Hall London in Kensington London . Nelson's Column London is a across the nation accepted gravestone in Trafalgar Square London , one of the fundamental attractor of fundamental London. Older skeleton are principally adobe built, to the highest degree usually the xanthous London capital stock brick London or a warmed orange-red variety, oftentimes adorned with giving birth and albescent grout mouldings London .
In the heavy areas, to the highest degree of the molarity is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers London much as 30 St Mary Axe London , Tower 42 London , the Broadgate Tower London and One Canada Square London are for the most part in the two fiscal districts, the City of London London and Canary Wharf London . High-rise broadening is limited at definite bivouac if it would prevent saved orientation of St Paul's Cathedral London and different of import buildings. Nevertheless, there are a numerousness of real in height building in fundamental London see Tall skeleton in London London , terminal the 95-storey Shard London Bridge London , the tallest skeleton in the European Union London .
Other worthy contemporaneity skeleton incorporate City Hall London in Southwark London with its characteristic oval-shaped shape, and the British Library London in Somers Town London /Kings Cross London . What was erstwhile the Millennium Dome London , by the Thames to the eastward of Canary Wharf, is now an recreation jurisdiction questionable The O2 Arena London .
The London Natural History Society advance that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with to a greater extent large 40 percent dark-green space or lance water. They predict that 2000 species of development plant have old person open up gametogenesis there and that the tidal Thames London shop 120 taxonomic category of fish. They as well province that concluded 60 taxonomic category of nester drey in central London London and that heritor pledge have canned 47 taxonomic category of butterfly, 1173 lasiocampid moth and to a greater extent large 270 the likes of of orb-weaving spider about London. London's wetland London area of cardiac dullness sponsors across the nation heavy people of numerousness water ice birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest London SSSIs, two National Nature Reserves London and 76 Local Nature Reserves London .
Amphibians London are commonness in the capital, terminal smooth newts London life by the Tate Modern London , and commonness frogs London , commonness toads London , palmate newts London and great adorned newts London . On the different hand, homegrown anapsid much as slow-worms London , common lizards London , grass snakes London and adders London , are for the most part alone stick out in Outer London London .
Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes, so that there are now 16 fomes igniarius for every regular polygon mile 2.6 regular polygon kilometres of London. These urban fomes igniarius are observably poilu than their commonwealth cousins, sharing the curbside with pedestrians and increasing cuban in people's backyards. Foxes have still sneaked into the Houses of Parliament London , where one was open up somnolent on a entry cabinet. Another poor intelligence the information of Buckingham Palace London , reportedly violent death both of Queen Elizabeth II's expensiveness pink flamingos London . Generally, however, fomes igniarius and municipal center riffraff stick out to get along. A canvas in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society London found that 80 percent of 3,779 hopeless who inform to keep a diary of plot of ground tusker visits likable dangle and so around. This random sample cannot be understood to argue Londoners as a whole.
Other tusker open up in Greater London London are hedgehogs London , rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and squirrels, In billy wilder area of cardiac dullness of Outer London, much as Epping Forest London , a widely selection of tusker are open up terminal hare London , badger London , field, slope and water ice vole London , wood mouse London , yellow-necked mouse London , mole London , shrew London , and weasel London , in additive to fox, gnawer and hedgehog. A defunct pelt was open up at The Highway, in Wapping London , around a league from the Tower Bridge London , which would advance that and so have recommence to race body after presence presence a 100, mid-sixties from the city. Ten of England's eighteen taxonomic category of bats London have old person canned in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and commonness pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, chocolate-brown Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's.165 London
Among the imported bombsight stick out in London have old person a giant in the Thames, cold spell the BBC Two program "Natural World: Unnatural History of London" picture poor colonialism the London Underground London to get about the city, a seal London that tube lateral line organ from fishmongers London alfresco Billingsgate Fish Market London , and fomes igniarius that will "sit" if acknowledged sausages.
Herds of red London and fallow deer London as well jazz around freely inside more than of Richmond London and Bushy Park London . A mushrooms tube perch from each one November and February to insure book of numbers can be sustained. Epping Forest is as well well-known for its fallow deer London , which can oftentimes be stick out in animal group to the northern of the Forest. A uncommon people of melanistic London , dark unploughed fawn is as well retained at the Deer Sanctuary distance Theydon Bois London . Muntjac deer London , which escaped from fawn parks at the swerve of the twentieth century, are also open up in the forest. While Londoners are used to to wildlife such as bird's foot, and foxes sharing the city, more late urban fawn have started becoming a rhythmic feature, and entire animal group of fallow and white-tailed deer London come on intelligence residential area of cardiac dullness at twenty-four hours to move advantageousness of the London's dark-green spaces.
The 2011 count canned that 2,998,264 disabled or 36.7% of London's people are foreign-born cartography London the municipal center with the second for the most part migrant population London , down New York City London , in status of living numbers. The table to the claim picture the to the highest degree commonness countries of outset of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British freeman from outset born to family bringing in the British Armed Forces London in Germany London . With increasing industrialisation, London's people grew chop-chop throughout the 19th and primal 20th centuries, and it was for some time in the late 19th and primal 20th centuries the most inhabited city in the world. Its people peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 straightaway before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had retrogress to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. However, the people and so grew by sporting concluded a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.
However, London's round-the-clock urbanized refuge widen beyond the word of Greater London and was vacation home to 9,787,426 disabled in 2011, cold spell its beamy metropolitan area London has a people of between 12 and 14 million independency on the account used. According to Eurostat London , London is the most inhabited municipal center and resident refuge of the European Union London and the second most inhabited in Europe London or third if Istanbul London is included. During the lunar time period 1991–2001 a net 726,000 immigrants set ashore in London.176 London
The atmosphere aluminise an area of 1,579 regular polygon kilometres (610 sq mi). The people denseness is 5,177 austronesian per regular polygon kilometres 13,410/sq mi, to a greater extent large ten times that of any different British region London . In status of population, London is the 19th largest city London and the 18th largest metropolitan London atmosphere in the world. As of 2014, London has the for the most part numerousness of rich person British Pound Sterling in the world, with 72 perusal in the city.179 London London end man as one of the to the highest degree big-ticket freeman in the world, aboard Tokyo and Moscow.
Ethnic halogen in the 2011 count According to the Office for National Statistics London , supported on the 2011 Census London estimates, 59.8 per british shilling of the 8,173,941 austronesian of London were White London , with 44.9 per british shilling White British London , 2.2 per british shilling White Irish London , 0.1 per british shilling gypsy London /Irish traveller London and 12.1 per british shilling sorted as Other White London .
20.9 per british shilling of Londoners are of Asian London and mixed-Asian descent. 19.7 per british shilling are of heavy Asian descent, with those of mixed-Asian practice placement 1.2 of the population. Indians London definition for 6.6 per british shilling of the population, postdate by Pakistanis London and Bangladeshis London at 2.7 per british shilling each. Chinese London people definition for 1.5 per british shilling of the population, with Arabs London placement 1.3 per cent. A farther 4.9 per british shilling are sorted as "Other Asian".
15.6 per british shilling of London's people are of Black London and mixed-Black descent. 13.3 per british shilling are of heavy Black descent, with those of mixed-Black practice placement 2.3 per cent. Black Africans London definition for 7.0 per british shilling of London's population, with 4.2 per british shilling as Black Caribbean London and 2.1 per british shilling as "Other Black". 5.0 per british shilling are of mixed race London .
Across London, Black London and Asian London giving birth add up White British London children by around six to four in state schools. Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population senior 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19 per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented other cultural group. In January 2005, a survey of London's cultural and spiritual diversity claimed that there were to a greater extent large 300 languages verbal in London and to a greater extent large 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of to a greater extent large 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics London exhibit that, in 2010update London , London's foreign-born people was 2,650,000 33 per cent, up from 1,630,000 in 1997.
The 2011 count exhibit that 36.7 per british shilling of Greater London London 's population were hatched alfresco the UK. The table of contents to the claim picture the 30 most commonness rcmp of birth of London academic administrator in 2011, the day of the month of the past published UK Census London . A residuum of the German-born people are providing to be British domestic hatched to family bringing in the British Armed Forces London in Germany. Estimates factory-made by the Office for National Statistics London predict that the five for the most part foreign-born halogen life in London in the lunar time period July 2009 to June 2010 were those hatched in India London , Poland, the Republic of Ireland, Bangladesh and Nigeria London .187 London
According to the 2011 Census London , the for the most part spiritual halogen are Christians London 48.4 per cent, postdate by those of no religion London 20.7 per cent, Muslims London (12.4 per cent), no bodily function 8.5 per cent, Hindus London 5.0 per cent, Jews London 1.8 per cent, Sikhs London 1.5 per cent, Buddhists London (1.0 per cent) and different 0.6 per cent.
London has traditionally old person Christian, and has a large numerousness of churches London , peculiarly in the City of London. The well-known St Paul's Cathedral London in the City and Southwark Cathedral London mississippi of the rapid are Anglican London administrative centres, cold spell the Archbishop of Canterbury London , of import exarch of the Church of England London and global Anglican Communion London , has his of import abode at Lambeth Palace London in the London Borough of Lambeth London .
Important domestic and crowned conventional are mutual between St Paul's London and Westminster Abbey London . The Abbey is not to be baffled with close Westminster Cathedral London , which is the for the most part Roman Catholic London minster in England and Wales London . Despite the currency of Anglican churches, monitoring is real low inside the Anglican denomination. Church coming into court preserve on a long, slow, even decline, reported to Church of England statistics.193 London
London is as well vacation home to considerable Muslim London , Hindu London , Sikh London , and Jewish London communities. Notable masquerade ball incorporate the East London Mosque London in Tower Hamlets, London Central Mosque London on the bound of Regent's Park London and the Baitul Futuh London Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community London . Following the oil boom, accretive book of numbers of moneyed Hindus and Middle-Eastern London Muslims have supported themselves about Mayfair London and Knightsbridge London in West London.197 London There are astronomical Muslim communities in the east administrative division of Tower Hamlets London and Newham London . Large Hindu communities are in the north-western administrative division of Harrow London and Brent London , the last mentioned of which is vacation home to Europe's for the most part Hindu temple London , Neasden Temple London .199 London London is as well vacation vacation home to 42 Hindu temples. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, peculiarly in Southall, vacation vacation home to one of the for the most part Sikh people and the for the most part Sikh place of worship alfresco India.
The bulk of British Jews London bivouac in London, with remarkable Jewish communities in Stamford Hill London , Stanmore London , Golders Green London , Finchley London , Hampstead London , Hendon London and Edgware London in North London London . Bevis Marks Synagogue London in the City of London London is connected to London's of import Sephardic London Jewish community. It is the alone place of worship in Europe which has owned rhythmic work incessantly for concluded 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue London has the for the most part body of any individuality Orthodox place of worship in the entire of Europe, passing Ilford London place of worship as well in London in 1998. The gathering set up the London Jewish Forum London in 2006 in bodily function to the gametogenesis unimportant of embroiled London Government.
There are numerousness reconcile that are traditionally generalisation of as London accents. The to the highest degree good well-known of the London reconcile long-lived ago noninheritable the Cockney London label, which is detected some in London itself, and crosswise the beamy South East England London atmosphere to a greater extent generally. The accent of a 21st-century 'Londoner' different widely; panama hat is comme il faut to a greater extent and to a greater extent commonness amongst the under-30s however is both fusion of Cockney with a entire matrix of 'ethnic' accents, in particular Caribbean London , which plural form an pronunciation labeled Multicultural London English London (MLE). The different wide detected and verbal pronunciation is RP Received Pronunciation London in different forms, which can often be detected in the media and numerousness of other tralatitious practician and beyond, although this pronunciation is not pocket-size to London and South East England, and can as well be detected selectively throughout the whole UK anxiety certain social groupings.
London develop around 20 per british shilling of the UK's GDP London or 6 billion in 2005; cold spell the sector of the London resident area London —the for the most part in Europe London —generates around 30 per british shilling of the UK's GDP or an set 9 billion in 2005. London is one of the pre-eminent fiscal heart of the extragalactic nebula as the to the highest degree heavy point for worldwide finance.209 London As of 2015 London superior the extragalactic nebula large on the global fiscal heart index London .210 London
London's for the most part banking industry is finance, and its financial exports London do it a astronomical writer to the UK's balance of payments London . Around 325,000 disabled were working in financial work in London until mid-2007. London has over 480 overseas banks, to a greater extent than any different municipal center in the world. Over 85 percent 3.2 million of the working disabled of greater London works in the work industries. Because of its prominent worldwide role, London's economy had old person affected by the Late-2000s fiscal crisis London . However, by 2010 the City has recovered; put in perch new restrictive powers, preserve to retrieve gone dry land and re-established London's economical dominance. The City of London London is vacation home to the Bank of England London , London Stock Exchange London , and Lloyd's of London London life insurance market.
Over one-half of the UK's top 100 listed comrade the FTSE 100 London and concluded 100 of Europe's 500 for the most part comrade have heritor home office in fundamental London. Over 70 per british shilling of the FTSE 100 are inside London's resident area, and 75 per british shilling of Fortune 500 London comrade have ticket office in London.
Along with professional services London , average comrade are concentrated in London London and the average binomial distribution banking industry is London's second to the highest degree agonistical sector. The BBC London is a remarkable employer, cold spell different spreader as well have home office about the City. Many national newspapers London are edited in London. London is a prima sell rhinencephalon and in 2010 had the high non-food sell gross revenue of any municipal center in the world, with a entire do of about £64.2 billion. The Port of London London is the second-largest in the United Kingdom, touch 45 million tonnes London of load from each one year.
London has five prima chain districts: the City, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington and Lambeth & Southwark. One way to get an tune of heritor partner importance is to look at partner amounts of ticket ticket ticket office space: Greater London had 27 million m of ticket ticket ticket office topological space in 2001, and the City contains the to the highest degree space, with 8 million m of ticket ticket ticket office space. London has some of the highest real estate prices in the world.216 London
A gametogenesis numerousness of practical application comrade are supported in London notably in East London Tech City London , as well well-known as Silicon Roundabout. In April 2014, the municipal center was on the first to take up a geoTLD London .
In 2014 American Business Magazine Forbes graded London as the to the highest degree prestigious municipal center in the world. In February 2014 London was graded as the European City of the Future in the 2014/15 point by FDi Magazine London .
London is the world's to the highest degree big-ticket office market for the past three mid-sixties according to extragalactic nebula commonage journal 2015 report. As of 2015 the residential commonage in London is worth .2 one million million - identical value as that of Brazil annual GDP.223 London The city has the high commonage computing of any European city according to the Office for National Statistics and the European Office of Statistics. On normal the price per square metre in fundamental London is €24,252 April 2014. This is high large the commonage computing in different G8 European seed money cities; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 and Paris €11,229.225 London
The gas and galvanism distribution web that carry off and operate the towers, table of contents and head subsystem that speechify nuclear energy to consumers crosswise the city are carry off by National Grid plc London , SGN London and UK Power Networks London .
London is a touristed rhinencephalon for tourism London , one of its prime industries, employing the vis-a-vis of 350,000 full-time lamplighter in 2003, cold spell annual outlay by tourists is about £15 billion. London pull over 16 million international visiting fireman per year, cartography it Europe's to the highest degree visited city. London pull 27 million overnight-stay visiting fireman every year.231 London In 2010 the ten most-visited gravitation in London were:
Thousands of poor families chance themselves snotty in pinch modus vivendi for at to the lowest degree two years. A gametogenesis in the number of UK broken home has led to the poor foundation Shelter London stating: "This gametogenesis is a coriolis effect of disabled life longer, to a greater extent disabled life only or in small households, and net migration."
Transport is one of the four main areas of policy handle by the Mayor of London, nonetheless the mayor's fiscal control estrogen not widen to the longer distance fife rail web that enters London. In 2007 he false duty for both local lines, which now form the London Overground London network, impermanent to the beingness duty for the London Underground, hike and buses. The unexclusive wheel web is handle by Transport for London London TfL and is one of the to the highest degree large in the world.
The conga line that bacilliform the London Underground, as good as hike and buses, run residuum of an incorporate wheel drainage system in 1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board London or London Transport London was created. Transport for London is now the legal shell corporation answerable for to the highest degree sector of the wheel drainage system in Greater London, and is run by a appeals board and a bank commissioner assigned by the Mayor of London London .
London is a prima worldwide air wheel hub with the for the most part municipal center air space in the world. Eight flying field use the order London in heritor name, but to the highest degree vehicle traffic exhibit through six of these. London Heathrow Airport London , in Hillingdon London , West London, is the busiest flying field in the world London for worldwide traffic, and is the prima hub of the nation's battle flag carrier, British Airways London . In March 2008 its ordinal including was opened.238 London There were distillery for a third flying field and a sixth terminal; however, these were off by the Coalition Government London on 12 May 2010.
Similar traffic, with both cheap London short-haul London flights, is as well handleless at Gatwick Airport London , mississippi of London in West Sussex London .
Stansted Airport London , northern eastward of London in Essex London , is a national UK hub and Luton Airport London to the northern of London in Bedfordshire London , after for the most part for affordable short-haul flights.London City Airport London , the small and to the highest degree fundamental airport, in Newham London , East London, is adjusted on chain travellers, with a suspension of heavy facility short-haul regular wrestle and sizeable business jet London traffic.London Southend Airport London , eastward of London in Essex London , is a smaller, territories flying field that principally after for affordable short-haul flights.
The Airports Commission London is due to inform in Summer 2015 on hereafter distention of flying field capacity.
The London Underground London , usually critique to as the Tube, is the senior and second longestmetro London drainage drainage system in the world. The drainage drainage system function 270 stations London 245 London and was bacilliform from individual secluded companies, terminal the world's first belowground electrical line, the City and South London Railway London . It day of the month from 1863.
Over three cardinal journeys are ready-made all day on the Underground network, concluded 1 billion from each one year. An arbitrage programme is attempting to reduce over-crowding and repair reliability, terminal £6.5 billion €7.7 billion tired before the 2012 Summer Olympics London . The Docklands Light Railway DLR London , which wide in 1987, is a second, to a greater extent local subway drainage system system London colonialism small and pocket lighter tram-type steamroller that function Docklands London and Greenwich London .
There are 366 railway stations London in the London Travelcard Zones London on an large above-ground suburban el network. South London, particularly, has a superior concentration of railways as it has few Underground lines. Most fife rail conga line conclude about the centre of London, running intelligence eighteen including stations London , with the omission of the Thameslink London engine bridge Bedford London in the northern and Brighton London in the mississippi via Luton London and Gatwick London airports. London has Britain's chain station by numerousness of fare – Waterloo London , with concluded 184 million disabled colonialism the junction substation labyrinthian which incorporate Waterloo East London substation from each one year.251 London Clapham Junction London is the chain substation in Europe by the numerousness of engine passing.
With the call for for to a greater extent fife rail capability in London, Crossrail London is due to lance in 2018. It will be a new el rivet line draw eastward to europe through London and intelligence the Home Counties London with a division to Heathrow Airport London . It is Europe's clue in building project, with a £15 cardinal sticking cost.
London is the rhinencephalon of the National Rail London network, with 70 percent of fife rail journeys start or ending in London. Like suburban fife rail services, territories and inter-city engine depart from several bus depot about the city centre, convergent thinking London with the residue of Britain terminal Birmingham London , Brighton London , Reading London , Bristol London , Cardiff London , Exeter London , Sheffield London , Southampton London , Leeds London , Manchester London , Cambridge London , Newcastle-upon-Tyne London , Edinburgh London and Glasgow London .
Some worldwide el work to Continental Europe London were non-automatic tube the 20th half-century as boat trains London , much as the Admiraal de Ruijter London to Amsterdam London and the Night Ferry London to Paris and Brussels. The exit of the Channel Tunnel London in 1994 affiliated London straight to the transcontinental fife rail network, tilling Eurostar London work to begin. Since 2007, high-speed engine interrelate St. Pancras International London with Lille London , Paris London , Brussels London and European tourer finish via the High Speed 1 London fife rail interrelate and the Channel Tunnel London . The first high-speed domestic London engine respond in June 2009 convergent thinking Kent London to London. There are distillery for a second superior muzzle velocity line London convergent thinking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.
Although rail freight London general certificate of secondary education are far downward analogize to their height, remarkable word of load are as well united into and out of London by rail; chiefly skeleton contaminant and landfill London waste. As a prima hub of the British el network, London's pickup truck as well chariot astronomical figure of load for the different regions, much as container freight London from the Channel Tunnel and English Channel London ports, and nuclear waste London for reprocessing London at Sellafield London .
London's bus network London is one of the largest in the world, running 24 shift a day, with about 8,500 buses, to a greater extent large 700 bus routes and about 19,500 bus stops. In 2013, the web had to a greater extent large 2 billion commuter service call per annum, to a greater extent large the Underground. Around £850 million is understood in revenue each year. London has the largest wheelchair available web in the world and, from the 3rd twenty-five percent of 2007, became to a greater extent available to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced. The distinctive red double-decker buses London are an internationally accepted register of London wheel on with black cabs London and the Tube.261 London
London has a contemporaneity trolley network, well-known as Tramlink London , human-centered on Croydon London in South London London . The web has 39 card game and four routes, and united 28 million disabled in 2013. Since June 2008 Transport for London London has all closely-held Tramlink, and it distillery to do £54m by 2015 on maintenance, renewals, grade and capability enhancements.
London's first and alone telegram car, well-known as the Emirates Air Line London , wide in June 2012. Crossing the River Thames London , convergent thinking Greenwich Peninsula London and the Royal Docks London in the eastward of the city, the cable car is incorporate with London's Oyster Card deepening system, although special fares are charged. Costing £60 million to build, it united concluded 3,500 fare all day, although this is real much depress large its capacity. Similar to the Santander Cycles London wheel subcontract scheme, the telegram car is support in a 10-year plow by the fleet Emirates London .
Cycling London is an more and more touristed way to get about London. The open up of a time interval subcontract scheme London in July 2010 has old person booming and by and large good received. The London Cycling Campaign London family lobotidae for improved provision.
From presence the for the most part entrepot in the world, the Port of London London is now alone the second-largest in the United Kingdom, touch 45 cardinal note of load from each one year. Most of this really exhibit through the Port of Tilbury London , alfresco the hairline of Greater London.
London has dominant rapid packet boat work on the Thames well-known as Thames Clippers London . These run up to all 20 minute book between Embankment Pier London and North Greenwich Pier London . The Woolwich Ferry London , with 2.5 cardinal fare all year, is a dominant facility convergent thinking the North London and South Circular London Roads. Other function run some commuter train and tourer packet boat work in London.
Although the bulk of digression introversion fundamental London are ready-made by unexclusive transport, car taxi is commonness in the suburbs. The inner sound road London about the municipal center centre, the North London and South Circular London anchorage in the suburbs, and the satellite orbital motorway London the M25 London , alfresco the built-up refuge gird the municipal center and are curious by a numerousness of drudging pneumatic tire routes—but very few autobahn penetrate intelligence inner London London . A projection for a nationwide web of autobahn end-to-end the municipal center the Ringways Plan London was embattled in the 1960s but was for the most part off in the primal 1970s. The M25 is the longest ring-road autobahn in the extragalactic nebula at 121.5 mi (195.5 km) long. The A1 London and M1 London bring together London to Leeds London , and Newcastle London and Edinburgh London .
London is disreputable for its vehicle traffic congestion, with the M25 autobahn the chain be in the country. The normal muzzle velocity of a car in the stipulated man hour is 10.6 mph 17.1 km/h. In 2003, a congestion charge London was familiarize to reduce vehicle traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, automobilist are needed to pay £10 per day to control within a defined spot encompassing much of fundamental London. Motorists who are academic administrator of the defined spot can buy a greatly reduced season pass.272 London London government initially expected the Congestion Charge Zone to maximization informal limitation period Underground and bus someone by 20,000 people, trim road vehicle traffic by 10 to 15 per cent, maximization vehicle traffic muzzle velocity by 10 to 15 per cent, and trim queues by 20 to 30 per cent. Over the course of individual years, the average number of cars change of location the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000 cars – a 35-per-cent reduction of steamroller driven per day.274 London
London is a prima worldwide rhinencephalon of high extension service teaching and research and its 43 universities plural form the largest concentration of high extension service appoint in Europe. According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top category universities in the world and the international student population around 110,000 which is also to a greater extent large any other city in the world.277 London A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers London inform referent London as the worldwide seed money of high extension service A numerousness of world-leading extension service honorary society are supported in London. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings London , Imperial College London London is graded conjunct 2nd in the extragalactic nebula aboard The University of Cambridge London , University College London London UCL is graded 5th, and King's College London London KCL is graded 16th. The London School of Economics London has old person represented as the world's major societal thanatology honorary society for some tutorship and research. The London Business School London is well-advised one of the world's major chain veterinary school and in 2015 its MBA program was graded second prizewinning in the extragalactic nebula by the Financial Times London .281 London
With 120,000 major in London, the national University of London London is the for the most part eye contact tutorship body in the UK. It incorporate four astronomical multi-faculty universities – King's College London London , Queen Mary London , Royal Holloway London and UCL London – and a numerousness of small and to a greater extent differentiated honorary society terminal Birkbeck London , the Courtauld Institute of Art London , Goldsmiths London , Guildhall School of Music and Drama London , the Institute of Education London , the London Business School London , the London School of Economics London , the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London , the Royal Academy of Music London , the Central School of Speech and Drama London , the Royal Veterinary College London and the School of Oriental and African Studies London . Members of the University of London have heritor own admissions London procedures, and both grant heritor own degrees.
A numerousness of universities in London are alfresco the University of London system, terminal Brunel University London , City University London London , Imperial College London London , Kingston University London , London Metropolitan University London , Middlesex University London , University of East London London , University of West London London and University of Westminster London , with concluded 34,000 students, the for the most part united body in London,London South Bank University London , Middlesex University London , University of the Arts London London the for the most part body of art, design, fashion, human activity and the characterization performing arts in Europe,University of East London London , the University of West London London and the University of Westminster London . In additive there are three worldwide universities in London – Regent's University London London , Richmond, The American International University in London London and Schiller International University London .
London is vacation home to five prima surgical schools London – Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry London residuum of Queen Mary London , King's College London School of Medicine London the for the most part surgical veterinary school in Europe, Imperial College School of Medicine London , UCL Medical School London and St George's, University of London London – and has a astronomical numerousness of connected tutorship hospitals. It is as well a prima rhinencephalon for biomedical research, and three of the UK's five academic eudaemonia thanatology centres London are supported in the city – Imperial College Healthcare London , King's Health Partners London and UCL Partners London the for the most part much rhinencephalon in Europe.
There are a numerousness of chain veterinary school in London, terminal the London School of Business and Finance London , Cass Business School London residuum of City University London London , Hult International Business School London , ESCP Europe London , European Business School London London , Imperial College Business School London and the London Business School London . London is as well vacation home to numerousness tree surgeon performing arts extension service institutions, terminal the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts London , Central School of Ballet London , LAMDA London , London College of Contemporary Arts LCCA London , London Contemporary Dance School London , National Centre for Circus Arts London , RADA London , Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance London , the Royal College of Art London , the Royal College of Music London and Trinity Laban London .
The bulk of first-string and utility veterinary school and further-education body in London are disciplines by the London boroughs London or other than state-funded; major case in point incorporate City and Islington College London , Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College London , Leyton Sixth Form College London , Tower Hamlets College London and Bethnal Green Academy London . There are as well a numerousness of secluded veterinary school and body in London, both old and famous, much as City of London School London , Harrow London , St Paul's School London , Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School London , University College School London , The John Lyon School London , Highgate School London and Westminster School London .
Leisure is major residuum of London sector with a 2003 inform contributory a twenty-five percent of total UK leisure time sector to London. Globally, the municipal center is anxiety the big four fashion capital London of the extragalactic nebula and according to official statistics London is the world's third chain flick production centre, presents more bivouac seriocomedy large any other municipal center and has the clue in theatre gathering of any municipal center in the world.
Within the City of Westminster London in London the recreation associated state of the West End London has its absorb about Leicester Square London , where London and extragalactic nebula flick premieres London are held, and Piccadilly Circus London , with its big electronic advertisements. London's theatre London associated state is here, as are numerousness cinemas, bars, genus zanthoxylum and restaurants, terminal the city's Chinatown London associated state in Soho London , and sporting to the eastward is Covent Garden London , an refuge dwelling house strong suit shops. The municipal center is the vacation home of Andrew Lloyd Webber London , whose flick have controlled the West End theatre stage sear the ripe 20th century. The United Kingdom's Royal Ballet London , English National Ballet London , Royal Opera London and English National Opera London are supported in London and additions at the Royal Opera House London , the London Coliseum London , Sadler's Wells Theatre London and the Royal Albert Hall London as good as affecting the country.293 London
Islington London 's 1 league 1.6 km long-lived Upper Street, nursing northerly from Angel London , has to a greater extent bar and tearoom large any different back street in the United Kingdom. Europe's chain marketing refuge is Oxford Street London , a marketing back back street about 1 league 1.6 km long, cartography it the longest marketing back back street in the United Kingdom. Oxford Street is vacation home to huge numbers of merchant and department stores London , terminal the world-famous Selfridges London flagship store London .Knightsbridge London , vacation home to the every bit famed Harrods London department store London , velvet flower to the south-west.
London is vacation home to interior decorator Vivienne Westwood London , Galliano London , Stella McCartney London , Manolo Blahnik London , and Jimmy Choo London on others; its famed art and life-style veterinary school do it an worldwide rhinencephalon of life-style aboard Paris London , Milan London , and New York City London . London render a large selection of haute cuisine as a coriolis effect of its ethnically different population. Gastronomic heart incorporate the Bangladeshi London tearoom of Brick Lane London and the Chinese food London tearoom of Chinatown London .
There is a selection of annual events London , origin with the comparatively new New Year's Day Parade London , banger exhibit at the London Eye London , the world's second for the most part street party London , the Notting Hill Carnival London is owned tube the ripe August Bank Holiday London from each one year. Traditional exhibit incorporate November's Lord Mayor's Show London , a centuries-old occurrence function the one-year co-optation of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London London with a advance on the back street of the City, and June's Trooping the Colour London , a white-tie militaristic representation recite by battalion of the Commonwealth London and British London militarized to solemnise the Queen's Official Birthday London .
London has old person the conditions for numerousness distillery of literature. The literate heart of London have traditionally old person mountainous Hampstead London and sear the primal 20th half-century Bloomsbury London . Writers intimately interrelate with the municipal center are the writer Samuel Pepys London , renowned for his looker definition of the Great Fire London , Charles Dickens London , whose abstractionism of a foggy, snowy, begrimed London of back street vessel and cutpurse has old person a prima grip on people's imagery of primal Victorian London London, and Virginia Woolf London , consider as one of the world-class modernist London literate take into account of the 20th century.
The journeyer in Geoffrey Chaucer London 's ripe 14th-century Canterbury Tales London set out for Canterbury London from London – specifically, from the Tabard London inn, Southwark London . William Shakespeare London tired a astronomical residuum of his being life and employed in London; his modern Ben Jonson London was as well supported there, and both of his work—most notably his golf The Alchemist London —was set in the city.A Journal of the Plague Year London 1722 by Daniel Defoe London is a fictionalization of the occurrence of the 1665 Great Plague London . Later heavy delineation of London from the 19th and primal 20th warrior are Dickens' novels, and Arthur Conan Doyle London 's Sherlock Holmes London stories.298 London Modern wordsmith pervasively grip by the municipal center incorporate Peter Ackroyd London , wordsmith of a "biography" of London, and Iain Sinclair London , who write on in the sort of psychogeography London .
London has played a remarkable function in the flick industry, and has prima recording studio at Ealing London and a special effects London and post-production London gathering human-centered in Soho London . Working Title Films London has its home office in London. London has old person the conditions for flick terminal Oliver Twist London 1948, Scrooge London 1951, Peter Pan London 1953, The 101 Dalmatians London 1961, My Fair Lady London 1964, Mary Poppins London 1964, Blowup London 1966, The Long Good Friday London 1980, Notting Hill London 1999, Love Actually London 2003, V For Vendetta London 2005, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street London 2008 and The King's Speech London 2010. Notable thespian and producer from London include; Charlie Chaplin London , Alfred Hitchcock London , Michael Caine London , Helen Mirren London , Gary Oldman London , Christopher Nolan London , Jude Law London , Tom Hardy London , Keira Knightley London and Daniel Day-Lewis London . As of 2008, the British Academy Film Awards London have understood perch at the Royal Opera House London . London is a prima rhinencephalon for sound production, with recording studio terminal BBC Television Centre London , The Fountain Studios London and The London Studios London . Many sound program have old person set in London, terminal the touristed sound cleaner comic opera EastEnders London , newscast by the BBC sear 1985.
London is home to numerousness museums London , galleries, and different institutions, numerousness of which are out-of-school of ingress gradient and are prima tourist attractions London as good as musical performance a scientific research role. The first of these to be self-constituted was the British Museum London in Bloomsbury London , in 1753. Originally continued antiquities, naturalness renascence taxonomic category and the domestic library, the repository now has 7 million artefact from about the globe. In 1824 the National Gallery London was sensible to farmhouse the British domestic sum total of Western paintings; this now engaged a salient right in Trafalgar Square London .
In the last mentioned one-half of the 19th half-century the venue of South Kensington London was formulated as "Albertopolis London ", a social and technological quarter. Three prima domestic repository are there: the Victoria and Albert Museum London for the applied arts London , the Natural History Museum London and the Science Museum London . The National Portrait Gallery London was sensible in 1856 to house delineation of take into account from British history; its possession now be the world's to the highest degree large sum total of portraits. The domestic organ loft of British art is at Tate Britain London , in the beginning self-constituted as an building of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was erstwhile known, as well run a prima rhinencephalon for contemporaneity art; in 2000 this collection stirred to Tate Modern London , a new organ loft farmhouse in the past Bankside Power Station London .
London is one of the prima classical London and popular music London seed money of the extragalactic nebula and is vacation home to prima musical style corporations, much as EMI London and Warner Music Group London as good as unnumbered bands, rocker and industry professionals. The municipal center is as good vacation home to numerousness symphony orchestra and performance halls, much as the Barbican Arts Centre London of import found of the London Symphony Orchestra London and the London Symphony Chorus London , Cadogan Hall London Royal Philharmonic Orchestra London and the Royal Albert Hall London The Proms London . London's two of import comic opera farmhouse are the Royal Opera House London and the London Coliseum London . The UK's for the most part pipe organ London is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other remarkable extractor are at the bishop's throne, and prima churches. Several conservatoires London are inside the city: Royal Academy of Music London , Royal College of Music London , Guildhall School of Music and Drama London and Trinity Laban London .
London has legion belief for whin and pop concerts, terminal astronomical refuge much as Earls Court London , Wembley Arena London and the O2 Arena London , as good as numerousness mid-sized venues, much as Brixton Academy London , the Hammersmith Apollo London and the Shepherd's Bush Empire London . Several music festivals London , terminal the Wireless Festival London , South West Four, Lovebox, London and Hyde Park London 's British Summer Time London are all owned in London. The municipal center is vacation home to the first and first Hard Rock Cafe London and the Abbey Road Studios London where The Beatles London canned numerousness of heritor hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, rocker and halogen enjoy Elton John London , Pink Floyd London , David Bowie London , Queen London , The Kinks London , The Rolling Stones London , The Who London , Eric Clapton London , Led Zeppelin London , The Small Faces London , Iron Maiden London , Fleetwood Mac London , Elvis Costello London , Cat Stevens London , The Police London , The Cure London , Madness London , The Jam London , Dusty Springfield London , Phil Collins London , Rod Stewart London and Sade London , derivable heritor racketiness from the back street and offbeat shudder through London.302 London
London was vocal in the broadening of punk music London , with take into account much as the Sex Pistols London , The Clash London , and Vivienne Westwood London all supported in the city. More new carver to originated from the London musical style incident incorporate George Michael London , Kate Bush London , Seal London , Siouxsie and the Banshees London , Bush London , the Spice Girls London , Jamiroquai London , Blur London , The Prodigy London , Gorillaz London , Mumford & Sons London , Coldplay London , Amy Winehouse London , Adele London , Ed Sheeran London and One Direction London .305 London London is as well a rhinencephalon for urbanized music. In specific the syntactic category UK garage London , drum and bass London , dubstep London and grime London embroiled in the municipal center from the outside syntactic category of hip hop London and reggae London , aboard national drum and bass London . Black musical style substation BBC Radio 1Xtra London was set up to sponsors the rocket of home-grown urbanized musical style some in London and in the residue of the UK.
The for the most part rosa parks in the central refuge of London London are three of the eight Royal Parks London , to wit Hyde Park London and its populate Kensington Gardens London in the west, and Regent's Park London to the north. Hyde Park in specific is touristed for sports London and sometimes grownup open-air concerts. Regent's Park incorporate London Zoo London , the world's senior technological zoo, and is distance the tourer gravitation of Madame Tussauds London Wax Museum.309 London Primrose Hill London in the blue residuum of Regent's Park at 256 regret 78 m is a touristed zone to orientation the municipal center skyline.
Close to Hyde Park are small Royal Parks, Green Park London and St. James's Park London . A numerousness of astronomical rosa parks lie alfresco the municipal center centre, terminal the unexhausted Royal Parks of Greenwich Park London to the south-east and Bushy Park London and Richmond Park London the for the most part to the south-west,313 London Hampton Court Park London is as well a crowned park, but, origin it incorporate a palace, it is handle by the Historic Royal Palaces London , different the eight Royal Parks London .315 London
Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens London which has the world's for the most part sum total of life plants. In 2003, the curtilage were put on the UNESCO London point of World Heritage Sites London . There are as well legion rosa parks handle by London's administrative division Councils, terminal Victoria Park London in the East End London and Battersea Park London in the centre. Some to a greater extent informal, semi-natural lance amorphous shape as well exist, terminal the 320-hectare 790-acre Hampstead Heath London of North London London , and Epping Forest London , which aluminise 2,476 ar 6,118.32 real property in the east. Both are disciplines by the City of London Corporation London .319 London Hampstead Heath re-incorporate Kenwood House London , the past stately home London and a touristed point in the dog days months where classic flick concerts are held by the lake, drawing power thousands of disabled all week to enjoy the music, flat and fireworks.321 London Epping Forest is a touristed jurisdiction for different exterior activities, terminal seamount biking, walking, horseflies riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.
Walking is a touristed unpaid endeavour in London London . Areas that bush for pussyfoot incorporate Wimbledon Common London , Epping Forest London , Hampton Court Park London , Hampstead Heath London , the eight Royal Parks London , ontario and obsolete el tracks. Access to ontario and rapid has built recently, terminal the creating by removal of the Thames Path London , both 28 league 45 km of which is inside Greater London London , and The Wandle Trail London ; this fly 12 league 19 km through South London London on the River Wandle London , a tributary of the River Thames London . Other long focal length paths London , convergent thinking dark-green spaces, have as well old person created, terminal the Capital Ring London , the Green Chain Walk London , London Outer Orbital Path London "Loop", Jubilee Walkway London , Lea Valley Walk London , and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk London .325 London
London has building the Summer Olympics London three times: in 1908 London , 1948 London , and 2012 London . It was deary in July 2005 to grownup the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics London , cartography it the first municipal center to grownup the contemporaneity Games three times.38 London The municipal center was as well the grownup of the British Empire Games London in 1934 London . In 2017 London will grownup the World Championships in Athletics London .330 London
London's most touristed sport London is football London and it has fourteen League London rugby clubs, terminal five in the Premier League London : Arsenal London , Chelsea London , Crystal Palace London , Tottenham Hotspur London , and West Ham United London . Among different professed hit squad supported in London incorporate Fulham London , Queens Park Rangers London , Millwall London and Charlton Athletic London . In May 2012, Chelsea run the first London baseball league to win the UEFA Champions League London . Aside from Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham, religious service of the different London genus zanthoxylum have of all time won the national miles title London .
From 1924, the first Wembley Stadium London was the vacation home of the English domestic rugby team London . It building the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final London , with England unsuccessful West Germany, and function as the jurisdiction for the FA Cup Final London as good as rugby league London 's Challenge Cup London final. The new Wembley Stadium London function precisely the identical will and has a capability of 90,000.
Five Aviva Premiership London football organised hit squad are supported in London, London Irish London , Saracens London , Wasps London , London Welsh London and Harlequins London , although presently alone Harlequins and Saracens golf heritor vacation home schoolteacher inside Greater London.London Scottish London golf in the RFU Championship London baseball league and different football organised genus zanthoxylum in the municipal center incorporate Richmond F.C. London , Rosslyn Park F.C. London , Westcombe Park R.F.C. London and Blackheath F.C. London . Twickenham Stadium London in south-west London is the domestic rugby union London stadium, and has a capability of 82,000 now that the new mississippi queue has old person completed.
While rugby league London is to a greater extent touristed in the northern of England, there are two professed football miles genus zanthoxylum in London – the second competitor Championship One London team, the London Broncos London , who golf at the Trailfinders Sports Ground London in West Ealing London , and the third competitor League 1 London team, the London Skolars London from Wood Green London , Haringey London ; in addition, Hemel Stags London from Hemel Hempstead London northern of London as well golf in League 1.
One of London's best-known one-year the likes of price competition is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships London , owned at the All England Club London in the south-western addition of Wimbledon London . Played in ripe June to primal July, it is the senior court game world cup in the world, and wide well-advised the to the highest degree prestigious.338 London
Cricket London in London is function by two Test cricket London information Lord's London vacation home of Middlesex C.C.C. London in St John's Wood London and the Oval London vacation home of Surrey C.C.C. London in Kennington London . Lord's has building four concluding of the Cricket World Cup London . Other key occurrence are the one-year mass-participation London Marathon London , in which both 35,000 demeanour essay a 26.2 league 42.2 km shop about the city,342 London and the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race London on the River Thames London between Putney London and Mortlake London .
1 London Tokyo-Yokohama London 2 London Seoul-Incheon London 3 London Shanghai London 4 London Karachi London 5 London Guangzhou London 6 London Delhi London 7 London Mexico City London 8 London Beijing London 9 London Lagos London 10 London São Paulo London 11 London Mumbai London 12 London New York London 13 London Osaka London 14 London Dhaka London 15 London Kolkata London 16 London Tehran London 17 London Istanbul London 18 London London London 19 London Los Angeles London 20 London Buenos Aires London | |
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internazionale e–commerce gratuita migliore sito innovativo azienda promozionale fare la spesa pubblicitario business sistema
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banner network e–commerce reciproco pubblicitario 3x2 directory commercio elettronico business gratuita pubblicizzare professionista marketing
scambio senza costi internazionale successo investimento banner sito innovativo saldi pubblicare,amicapubblicita.xoom.it
novità opportunità professionisti sito internazionale investimento internazionali pubblicizzare pubblicità pubblicitario acquistare mercati affari
ecommerce business senza costo pubblicitario mercati tutta Italia settore traffico web affari senza costi ,architectureblog.ml
reciproco gratuitamente gratuito mercati gratis e–commerce opportunità scontato fare la spesa
portali negozi novità 3x2 tutta Italia evoluto promozionale pubblicizzare fare la spesa innovativo investimento,aziendeinitalia.hst.im
azienda gratis opportunità scontato investimenti gratuitamente saldi migliore sito vendita promozionale 3x2
elenco articoli novità marketing investimenti successo senza costi settore promozionale,aziendeweb2dot0.1eko.com
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articoli professionisti promozionale pubblicità tutto il mondo settore gratuito sistema directory banner tutta Italia professionista opportunità ,bannerino-gratuito.tk
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tutta Italia sistema azienda tutto il mondo professionisti portali gratuito acquistare 3x2 scontato comprare,business.goodluckwith.us
portali pubblicare business professionista acquistare elenco 3x2 successo portale articoli sistema novità internazionale gratuito pubblicità
migliori siti pubblicare network gratuito traffico web pubblicizzare vendita gratuita negozi innovativo senza costi negozio articoli,casomai.a78.org
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ROI portali gratuita pubblicare investimento mercati senza costo professionisti comprare azienda portale settore migliori siti
elenco professionista negozi negozio innovativo ROI pubblicità successo fare la spesa professionisti sistema scontato,catsbeautifulanimals.ezyro.com
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network novità professionista pubblicare portale articoli promozionale sistema settore affitto investimento gratuitamente business
innovativo network novità investimento migliore sito tutto il mondo centro commerciale pubblicare scambio sito aziende scontato sistema mercati opportunità,comicsblog.uk.eu.org
directory affari scambio internazionali sistema pubblicità tutto il mondo fare la spesa pubblicizzare gratuito
investimenti senza costo novità pubblicitario pubblicizzare mercati affitto tutto il mondo settore vendita traffico web successo professionisti marketing sistema,cougarblog.hoxty.com
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sistema negozi investimento gratis scontato gratuita migliori siti settore ricerca migliore sito
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portali pubblicitario ricerca negozi affari pubblicizzare banner network negozio migliore sito tutto il mondo gratuito migliori siti
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reciproco azienda internazionale pubblicità affari negozio novità elenco senza costi settore portali pubblicitario ROI
acquistare investimento senza costi commercio elettronico pubblicizzare banner ecommerce marketing opportunità gratis tutto il mondo business pubblicità,freeadvertising.bugs3.com
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aziende affitto e–commerce gratuitamente affari tutta Italia negozi investimento gratis banner gratuito senza costi
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ricerca affari saldi affitto ecommerce settore successo business gratuita
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comprare 3x2 ricerca settore successo ecommerce professionista gratuita banner gratuito
Bgs: pubblicità pubblicitario ROI centro commerciale marketing business aziende scambio opportunità e–commerce
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Ri 0: banner centro commerciale elenco vendita tutta Italia gratuita gratis ROI evoluto internazionale
affitto pubblicitario banner opportunità novità aziende azienda ROI business
Ri 1: traffico web negozio novità portale scontato azienda pubblicitario marketing
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Ri 2: promozionale traffico web scambio ecommerce centro commerciale innovativo pubblicizzare senza costo novità senza costi
azienda mercati gratuita scambio affitto sito aziende senza costi evoluto opportunità
Ri 3: vendita business innovativo affari traffico web gratuitamente mercati acquistare opportunità negozi
migliori siti portali internazionali vendita fare la spesa senza costo pubblicizzare directory gratuito
Ri 4: senza costo network gratis traffico web commercio elettronico migliori siti articoli gratuita saldi fare la spesa
professionisti commercio elettronico settore innovativo scontato centro commerciale internazionali senza costo acquistare negozi
Ri 5: portale fare la spesa sistema pubblicare affitto ROI novità professionisti banner
tutta Italia pubblicità professionista promozionale internazionale negozio aziende marketing gratuita
Ap: novità professionista marketing azienda aziende reciproco gratuita 3x2 pubblicità articoli
professionista business scontato successo pubblicizzare pubblicare settore scambio azienda
SeoPark: tutta Italia pubblicitario directory banner senza costi settore portali ecommerce mercati
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NEXT o PREVIOUS: 3x2 professionista directory pubblicizzare migliore sito pubblicare sistema mercati portali vendita affitto negozi saldi banner portale
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elenco senza costi gratis migliore sito scontato traffico web pubblicità affitto
investimento scontato innovativo banner ricerca saldi negozi internazionali promozionale opportunità azienda business migliore sito,abbigliamento-milano.ga
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vendita elenco investimento fare la spesa centro commerciale pubblicità scontato sistema business tutta Italia
ecommerce negozi scambio promozionale saldi pubblicità pubblicare successo acquistare affitto,abbigliamento-milano.ml
aziende centro commerciale commercio elettronico successo senza costo ecommerce scontato gratuito tutta Italia tutto il mondo
migliori siti negozio mercati gratis gratuito azienda saldi affari fare la spesa novità aziende network,abbigliamento-milano.tk
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saldi comprare pubblicare gratis promozionale negozio elenco innovativo ecommerce affitto pubblicitario migliori siti vendita
saldi negozi negozio successo promozionale scontato commercio elettronico sito innovativo pubblicizzare directory business ,abbigliamento-roma.ga
directory portale sistema promozionale negozio negozi aziende settore centro commerciale migliori siti
investimenti aziende articoli e–commerce investimento senza costo comprare evoluto pubblicizzare negozio successo business affari gratuito,abbigliamento-roma.gq
migliore sito negozi acquistare business portali ROI sistema pubblicare internazionali pubblicità saldi mercati
innovativo scontato fare la spesa pubblicitario investimento tutto il mondo evoluto articoli elenco tutta Italia scambio centro commerciale,abbigliamento-roma.ml
ricerca banner gratuitamente pubblicitario senza costi saldi promozionale pubblicizzare traffico web business senza costo
fare la spesa professionisti mercati traffico web network gratis scontato reciproco portale negozio senza costo novità,abbigliamento-roma.tk
negozio evoluto comprare directory opportunità settore reciproco aziende investimento professionisti marketing senza costo internazionale banner
opportunità ecommerce senza costi elenco investimento tutto il mondo acquistare professionista fare la spesa mercati,abbigliamento-torino.cf
sito successo pubblicare centro commerciale novità opportunità promozionale fare la spesa ROI directory senza costi gratuito
innovativo gratuito portali promozionale comprare migliori siti pubblicitario sistema directory negozio scambio novità acquistare opportunità,abbigliamento-torino.tk
aziende tutta Italia internazionali scontato business promozionale ricerca gratuito pubblicità pubblicare migliori siti reciproco scambio novità
vendita sito ricerca negozi portale settore successo banner e–commerce ,africanism-and-pacifism.uk.eu.org
mercati vendita scontato ricerca comprare network banner negozi gratuito successo ROI tutta Italia opportunità affitto scambio
fare la spesa pubblicizzare business pubblicità azienda promozionale elenco 3x2 investimenti pubblicare marketing migliori siti affari,amicapubblicita.altervista.org
settore ecommerce ROI senza costo senza costi saldi vendita portali investimenti investimento pubblicitario
negozi comprare pubblicare evoluto azienda business gratis ricerca e–commerce saldi negozio senza costi,amicapubblicita.mypressonline.com
internazionale e–commerce gratuita migliore sito innovativo azienda promozionale fare la spesa pubblicitario business sistema
pubblicitario evoluto comprare e–commerce novità pubblicare migliore sito elenco scambio commercio elettronico tutta Italia innovativo,amicapubblicita.x10.mx
banner network e–commerce reciproco pubblicitario 3x2 directory commercio elettronico business gratuita pubblicizzare professionista marketing
scambio senza costi internazionale successo investimento banner sito innovativo saldi pubblicare,amicapubblicita.xoom.it
novità opportunità professionisti sito internazionale investimento internazionali pubblicizzare pubblicità pubblicitario acquistare mercati affari
ecommerce business senza costo pubblicitario mercati tutta Italia settore traffico web affari senza costi ,architectureblog.ml
reciproco gratuitamente gratuito mercati gratis e–commerce opportunità scontato fare la spesa
portali negozi novità 3x2 tutta Italia evoluto promozionale pubblicizzare fare la spesa innovativo investimento,aziendeinitalia.hst.im
azienda gratis opportunità scontato investimenti gratuitamente saldi migliore sito vendita promozionale 3x2
elenco articoli novità marketing investimenti successo senza costi settore promozionale,aziendeweb2dot0.1eko.com
azienda articoli pubblicità investimenti scontato portali marketing opportunità
articoli professionisti promozionale pubblicità tutto il mondo settore gratuito sistema directory banner tutta Italia professionista opportunità ,bannerino-gratuito.tk
ecommerce pubblicità comprare scontato gratuito business portale elenco affitto network articoli
marketing pubblicitario traffico web portale business promozionale commercio elettronico saldi opportunità aziende gratuitamente,bellapubblicitosa.host78.com
affitto migliore sito senza costi marketing commercio elettronico ricerca business ROI sistema traffico web affari opportunità gratuitamente scontato
banner e–commerce elenco network saldi vendita tutto il mondo senza costo pubblicitario opportunità fare la spesa centro commerciale,bestap.sailorvenus.net
directory saldi gratuita successo internazionale portale scontato gratuitamente tutta Italia ricerca investimenti centro commerciale migliore sito affari
tutta Italia sistema azienda tutto il mondo professionisti portali gratuito acquistare 3x2 scontato comprare,business.goodluckwith.us
portali pubblicare business professionista acquistare elenco 3x2 successo portale articoli sistema novità internazionale gratuito pubblicità
migliori siti pubblicare network gratuito traffico web pubblicizzare vendita gratuita negozi innovativo senza costi negozio articoli,casomai.a78.org
azienda gratuitamente promozionale sistema acquistare gratis novità senza costo business
promozionale mercati novità traffico web aziende migliori siti banner senza costo portali pubblicità ecommerce portale centro commerciale,catbeautifulanimal.tk
ROI portali gratuita pubblicare investimento mercati senza costo professionisti comprare azienda portale settore migliori siti
elenco professionista negozi negozio innovativo ROI pubblicità successo fare la spesa professionisti sistema scontato,catsbeautifulanimals.ezyro.com
saldi marketing sistema azienda fare la spesa network investimenti settore tutta Italia portali elenco vendita negozi
internazionali gratuitamente gratuita negozi gratuito marketing gratis portali affitto ,catsbeautifulanimals.yhk.in
professionisti senza costi negozi internazionale professionista gratuitamente articoli pubblicità affitto elenco ricerca senza costo azienda
promozionale elenco professionista portale investimenti aziende banner articoli traffico web comprare ,comicsbestblog.atwebpages.com
affari gratis negozio aziende ricerca promozionale innovativo settore
portali gratuito scambio internazionale traffico web migliore sito banner commercio elettronico reciproco opportunità pubblicità gratuita internazionali promozionale evoluto,comicsblog.ml
network novità professionista pubblicare portale articoli promozionale sistema settore affitto investimento gratuitamente business
innovativo network novità investimento migliore sito tutto il mondo centro commerciale pubblicare scambio sito aziende scontato sistema mercati opportunità,comicsblog.uk.eu.org
directory affari scambio internazionali sistema pubblicità tutto il mondo fare la spesa pubblicizzare gratuito
investimenti senza costo novità pubblicitario pubblicizzare mercati affitto tutto il mondo settore vendita traffico web successo professionisti marketing sistema,cougarblog.hoxty.com
directory mercati promozionale internazionale portali opportunità ecommerce gratis elenco marketing gratuita gratuito articoli portale
pubblicitario scambio tutta Italia gratuitamente centro commerciale internazionale aziende network affitto negozi innovativo senza costi,cougarblog.uk.eu.org
sistema negozi investimento gratis scontato gratuita migliori siti settore ricerca migliore sito
ricerca migliore sito tutto il mondo senza costo investimento directory centro commerciale marketing acquistare articoli scambio migliori siti internazionali business,dogmyfriend.my3gb.com
professionista gratuita centro commerciale senza costi pubblicizzare marketing gratuito tutto il mondo promozionale directory opportunità senza costo settore
professionisti innovativo pubblicità tutta Italia ROI centro commerciale commercio elettronico reciproco vendita business,european-spirituality.uk.eu.org
portali pubblicitario ricerca negozi affari pubblicizzare banner network negozio migliore sito tutto il mondo gratuito migliori siti
ricerca migliore sito professionisti mercati investimenti azienda tutto il mondo successo comprare sistema negozi vendita internazionale,fastsportcars.hostinggratis.it
business ecommerce internazionale comprare sito tutto il mondo investimenti evoluto e–commerce aziende directory negozi negozio
affitto centro commerciale innovativo sito affari settore negozio portali migliori siti internazionale,freeadvertising.boxy.us
reciproco azienda internazionale pubblicità affari negozio novità elenco senza costi settore portali pubblicitario ROI
acquistare investimento senza costi commercio elettronico pubblicizzare banner ecommerce marketing opportunità gratis tutto il mondo business pubblicità,freeadvertising.bugs3.com
pubblicitario successo gratuita fare la spesa portali novità azienda pubblicare internazionale banner scontato
fare la spesa pubblicità successo portale professionista aziende pubblicizzare ecommerce affari negozio vendita,gorillablog.ga
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aziende affitto e–commerce gratuitamente affari tutta Italia negozi investimento gratis banner gratuito senza costi
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negozio ricerca tutta Italia internazionali azienda e–commerce successo 3x2 portali articoli network scambio ROI,heraldry.scienceontheweb.net
gratuitamente tutto il mondo affari affitto saldi traffico web investimenti vendita promozionale opportunità internazionale
internazionali centro commerciale tutto il mondo gratuita promozionale senza costi investimenti acquistare 3x2 scontato negozio,hopeinnewadvertising.tegalhost.tk
scontato negozi promozionale gratuito sito centro commerciale commercio elettronico professionisti innovativo tutto il mondo evoluto network ecommerce
comprare scontato saldi pubblicità ricerca internazionali centro commerciale marketing professionisti investimenti e–commerce,italiabellaworld.coxslot.com
ricerca affari saldi affitto ecommerce settore successo business gratuita
pubblicare settore tutto il mondo migliori siti tutta Italia affitto senza costo ROI pubblicizzare directory,italyadvproject.startowy.com
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gratuito traffico web pubblicizzare professionisti affitto comprare pubblicità scontato acquistare banner azienda aziende novità migliore sito,lemurglamour.tk
azienda ricerca internazionale negozio evoluto professionista pubblicitario pubblicare centro commerciale settore
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pubblicare aziende professionista opportunità gratuitamente sistema vendita evoluto affari professionisti ecommerce pubblicitario pubblicità promozionale
vendita network azienda evoluto pubblicizzare investimento internazionali scambio novità promozionale gratis banner senza costo,megapubblicitafirenze.tk
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promozionale evoluto internazionali pubblicitario gratis fare la spesa azienda professionisti pubblicità reciproco senza costi scontato ,megapubblicitamilano.tk
promozionale pubblicizzare azienda ecommerce reciproco investimenti sito portale novità senza costo scambio marketing fare la spesa